They Deserve More: Social Justice and the Disability Support Workforce Crisis
Main Article Content
Keywords
desert, direct support professionals, disability rights, social justice
Abstract
Internationally a shortage of support workers caused by low pay is threatening quality of life for adults with intellectual disabilities. In Illinois, advocates formed the They Deserve More coalition to raise wages. This paper uses insights from moral and political philosophy to analyze its motto—who is the they, what does it mean to deserve and what is the more.
References
American Network of Community Options and Resources. (2017). Addressing the
disability workforce crisis of the 21st century. [White paper]. https://www.ancor.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/workforce_white_paper_-_final_-_hyperlinked_version.pdf
American Network of Community Options and Resources. (2022). The state of America’s direct support workforce crisis 2022. [Report]. https://www.ancor.org/resources/the-state-of-americas-direct-support-workforce-crisis-2022/
American Network of Community Options and Resources. (2023). The case for inclusion 2023. [Report]. https://caseforinclusion.org/application/files/7316/7753/8320/The_Case_for_Inclusion_2023_Making_Good_on_Our_Nations_Promise_of_Community_Inclusion_for_All.pdf
Anderson, A. (2012). Europe’s care regimes and the role of migrant care workers within them. Population Ageing, 5(2), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9063-y
Anderson, L., Hewitt, A., Pettingell, S., Lulinski, A., Taylor, M., & Reagan, J. (2018) FINDS community report 2017: Family and individual needs for disability supports. University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living; The Arc. https://thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FINDS_report-2017-FINAL-VERSION.pdf
Anderson, L., & Pettingell, S. (2023). FINDS community report 2023: Family and individual needs for disability supports. University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living; The Arc. https://thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FINDS-Community-Report-2023.pdf
Bennett, C. (2017). Foreword. In K. Lippert‐Rasmussen et al. (Eds.), A companion to applied philosophy (pp. xvi-xviii). Wiley Blackwell.
Bogenschutz, M., Nord, D. & Hewitt, A. (2015). Competency-based training and worker turnover in community supports for people with IDD. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53(3), 182-195. https://doi.10.1352/1934-9556-53.3.182
Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Tanis, E.S., Wu, J. & Haffer, L. (2017). The state of the states in intellectual and developmental disabilities: 2017. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Brock, G. & Miller, D. (2024). Needs in moral and political philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/needs/
Campbell, S. (2017). Racial and gender disparities within the direct support workforce: Five key findings [Issue Brief]. PHI. https://www.phinational.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Racial-and-Gender-Disparities-in-DCW-PHI-2017.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Social Services. (2021.) NDIS national
workforce plan: 2021-2025. https://www.dss.gov.au/national-disability-insurance-scheme-review-and-reforms/resource/ndis-national-workforce-plan-2021-2025
Congress. (2023). S.1332—Recognizing the Role of Direct Support Professionals Act.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1332
Council on Quality and Leadership. (n.d.). Personal outcome measures. https://www.c-q-l.org/tools/personal-outcome-measures/
Courtenay, K. (2018). Community intellectual disability services in the UK. Frontline Ireland.
Curriden, R. (2018). “I would have done that forever and a day:” Reflections of a dad and former DSP. Impact, 31(1), 14–15. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/DSP-Reflections-Curriden/#DSP-Reflections-Curriden
Darwall, S. (1992). Two kinds of respect. In J. Deigh (Ed.), Ethics and personality, (pp. 65–78). University of Chicago Press.
Diament, M. (2025). HHS layoffs likely to have ripple effect on disability programs
nationwide. Disability Scoop. https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2025/04/03/hhs-layoffs-likely-to-have-ripple-effect-on-disability-programs-nationwide/31391/
Equality and Human Rights Commission. (2017). Being disabled in Britain: A journey
less equal. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/our-work/our-research/being-disabled-britain-journey-less-equal?return-url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equalityhumanrights.com%2Fsearch%3Fkeys%3DBeing%2Bdisabled%2Bin%2BBritain%253A%2BA%2Bjourney%2B%2B%2509less%2Bequal
European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities. (2019). Staff
matters: From care worker to enabler of change. https://easpd.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/EASPD_Helsinki_Conference_Report_2019.pdf
European Public Service Union & Federation of European Social Employers. (2020). EPSU/FESE joint position paper on recruitment and retention in European social services. https://www.epsu.org/article/epsufese-joint-position-paper-recruitment-and-retention-social-services
Federation of European Social Employers. (2024). Labour shortages: Social Employers’ and EPSU joint contribution to the European Commission Action Plan. https://www.socialemployers.eu/?s=Labour+shortages
Feinberg, J. (1980a). Rights, justice and the bounds of liberty. Princeton University Press.
Feinberg, J. (1980b). The child’s right to an open future. In W. Aiken & H. Lafollette (Eds.), Whose child? (pp. 124–153). Rowman & Littlefield.
Feinberg, J. (1984). Harm to others. Oxford University Press.
Feldman, F. & Skow, B. (2015). Desert. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
Fleming, G. & Taylor, B. (2006). Battle on the home care front: Perceptions of home care workers of factors influencing staff retention in Northern Ireland. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00666.x
Frankfurt, H. (2015). On inequality. Princeton University Press.
Friedman, C. (2018). Direct support professionals and quality of life of people with
intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental
Disabilities, 56(4), 234-250. https://meridian.allenpress.com/idd/article-abstract/56/4/234/1701/Direct-Support-Professionals-and-Quality-of-Life
Gould, J. (2021a). Duty, not gratuity: The ethics of social support for people with intellectual disabilities in the United States. Disability & Society, 36(8), 1240-1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1787817
Gould, J. (2021b). Living in Nowheresville: David Hume’s equal power requirement, political entitlements and people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Philosophy of Disability, 1, 145-173. https://doi.org/10.5840/jpd202110277
Gould, J. (2024). ‘It never ends’: Disability advocacy and the practice of resilient hope. Religions, 15, e1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15101166
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018a). The direct support workforce
crisis: A systematic failure. Impact, 31(1), 3-7. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Systemic-Failure/#Systemic-Failure
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018b). What’s causing the crisis?
Impact, 31(1), 11. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Crisis-Causes/#Crisis-Causes
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018c). The direct support workforce
crisis: A call to action. Impact, 31(1), 51. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Call-To-Action/#Call-To-Action
Illinois Department of Human Services. (n.d.). Ligas consent decree.
https://www.dhs.state.il.us/
Institute on Community Integration. (2018). The direct support workforce and people
with intellectual, developmental and other disabilities. Impact, 31(1). https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/#Cover
Jorgensen, D., Parsons, M., Reid, M., Weidenbohm, K., Parsons, J. & Jacobs, S.
(2009). The providers’ profile of the disability support workforce in New
Zealand. Health and Social Care in the Community, 17(4), 396-405.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00839.x
Kittay, E. F. (1999). Love’s labor: Essays on women, equality and dependency. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108926
Kittay, E. F. (2001). When caring is just and justice is caring. Public Culture, 13(3), 557–579. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/26257/summary
Kramme, J. (2018). Why competency-based credentialing for the direct support
workforce? Impact, 31(1), 23-25. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Credentialing/#Credentialing
Lethbridge, J. (2017). Recruitment and retention in social services. Social Services Europe. https://www.socialserviceseurope.eu/_files/ugd/9f45fc_49da01073e52481aa87311da0bf7f372.pdf
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. (2d ed.). Harper & Row.
Medicaid. (2014). Home and community based services final regulation.
https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/home-and-community-based-services
Miller, D. (2021). Justice. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/
Nadasen, P. (2023). Care: The highest stage of capitalism. Haymarket.
Nathanson, S. (1998). Economic justice. Prentice-Hall.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2011). Commitment, capacity and culture: Solutions for the direct support workforce crisis.
https://nadsp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Commitment%20Capacity%20and%20Culture%20FINAL.pdf
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2019). Moving from crisis to
stabilization. www.nadsp.org.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2024). Leaving so soon? Examining DSP turnover and tenure using National Core Indicators—IDD state of the workforce in 2022 survey data. Webinar. www.nadsp.org.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (n.d.). The NADSP competency areas. https://nadsp.org/resources/the-nadsp-competency-areas/
National Core Indicators. (2022). State of the workforce report 2022. https://www.nationalcoreindicators.org
Nussbaum, M. (2006). Frontiers of justice. Harvard University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2010). The capabilities of people with cognitive disabilities. In E. Kittay & L. Carlson (Eds.), Cognitive disability and its challenge to moral philosophy, (pp. 75-96). Wiley Blackwell.
Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/581/
Orris, A. & Zhang, E. (2025). Congressional Republicans can’t cut Medicaid by hundreds of billions without hurting people. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/
Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Deserve. https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=deserve.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities. (2017). Report to the President 2017: America’s direct support workforce crisis.
https://acl.gov/
Public Health England. (2019). People with learning disabilities in England—Chapter 5: Adult social care. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/people-with-learning-disabilities-in-england/chapter-5-adult-social-care
Regan, T. (1986). A case for animal rights. In M. Fox & L. Mickley (Eds.), Advances in
animal welfare science 1986/87 (pp. 179-189). The Humane Society
of the United States.
Residential Information Systems Project. (2021). Long-term support and services
recipients by setting type and year. University of Minnesota.
https://conservancy.umn.edu/items/5317aeae-3f97-4abd-9d5a-4993ca7c85a2
Schmidtz, D. (2006). Elements of justice. Cambridge University Press.
Schalock, R. & Alonso, M. V. (2004). The concept of quality of life: What we know and do not know. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(3), 203-216.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00558.x
Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-
being. Free Press.
Singer, P. (2009). The life you can save. Random House.
Smith, J. (Moderator). (2023, Winter). Is it time to revisit unionization? [Roundtable discussion]. University of Minnesota. Institute on Community Integration. Impact, 36(3), 20-24. https://publications.ici.umn.edu/impact/36-3/is-it-time-to-revisit-unionization-a-roundtable-discussion
They Deserve More. (n.d.). https://www.theydeservemore.com/
They Deserve More. (2025). Fact Sheet. https://www.theydeservemore.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FactSheet-4_25-25.pdf
United Cerebral Palsy. (2020). The case for inclusion 2020. https://ucp.org/
Vehmas, S. & Mietola, R. (2021). Narrowed lives: Meaning, moral value and profound intellectual disability. Stockholm University Press.
White, S. (2015). Social minimum. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-minimum/
Wolf, B. (2017). Judicial intervention sought to force Illinois to provide critical
resources for people with developmental disabilities.
https://www.equipforequality.org/
disability workforce crisis of the 21st century. [White paper]. https://www.ancor.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/09/workforce_white_paper_-_final_-_hyperlinked_version.pdf
American Network of Community Options and Resources. (2022). The state of America’s direct support workforce crisis 2022. [Report]. https://www.ancor.org/resources/the-state-of-americas-direct-support-workforce-crisis-2022/
American Network of Community Options and Resources. (2023). The case for inclusion 2023. [Report]. https://caseforinclusion.org/application/files/7316/7753/8320/The_Case_for_Inclusion_2023_Making_Good_on_Our_Nations_Promise_of_Community_Inclusion_for_All.pdf
Anderson, A. (2012). Europe’s care regimes and the role of migrant care workers within them. Population Ageing, 5(2), 135-146. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12062-012-9063-y
Anderson, L., Hewitt, A., Pettingell, S., Lulinski, A., Taylor, M., & Reagan, J. (2018) FINDS community report 2017: Family and individual needs for disability supports. University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living; The Arc. https://thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/FINDS_report-2017-FINAL-VERSION.pdf
Anderson, L., & Pettingell, S. (2023). FINDS community report 2023: Family and individual needs for disability supports. University of Minnesota, Institute on Community Integration, Research and Training Center on Community Living; The Arc. https://thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/FINDS-Community-Report-2023.pdf
Bennett, C. (2017). Foreword. In K. Lippert‐Rasmussen et al. (Eds.), A companion to applied philosophy (pp. xvi-xviii). Wiley Blackwell.
Bogenschutz, M., Nord, D. & Hewitt, A. (2015). Competency-based training and worker turnover in community supports for people with IDD. Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 53(3), 182-195. https://doi.10.1352/1934-9556-53.3.182
Braddock, D., Hemp, R., Tanis, E.S., Wu, J. & Haffer, L. (2017). The state of the states in intellectual and developmental disabilities: 2017. American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities.
Brock, G. & Miller, D. (2024). Needs in moral and political philosophy. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/needs/
Campbell, S. (2017). Racial and gender disparities within the direct support workforce: Five key findings [Issue Brief]. PHI. https://www.phinational.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Racial-and-Gender-Disparities-in-DCW-PHI-2017.pdf
Commonwealth of Australia, Department of Social Services. (2021.) NDIS national
workforce plan: 2021-2025. https://www.dss.gov.au/national-disability-insurance-scheme-review-and-reforms/resource/ndis-national-workforce-plan-2021-2025
Congress. (2023). S.1332—Recognizing the Role of Direct Support Professionals Act.
https://www.congress.gov/bill/118th-congress/senate-bill/1332
Council on Quality and Leadership. (n.d.). Personal outcome measures. https://www.c-q-l.org/tools/personal-outcome-measures/
Courtenay, K. (2018). Community intellectual disability services in the UK. Frontline Ireland.
Curriden, R. (2018). “I would have done that forever and a day:” Reflections of a dad and former DSP. Impact, 31(1), 14–15. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/DSP-Reflections-Curriden/#DSP-Reflections-Curriden
Darwall, S. (1992). Two kinds of respect. In J. Deigh (Ed.), Ethics and personality, (pp. 65–78). University of Chicago Press.
Diament, M. (2025). HHS layoffs likely to have ripple effect on disability programs
nationwide. Disability Scoop. https://www.disabilityscoop.com/2025/04/03/hhs-layoffs-likely-to-have-ripple-effect-on-disability-programs-nationwide/31391/
Equality and Human Rights Commission. (2017). Being disabled in Britain: A journey
less equal. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/our-work/our-research/being-disabled-britain-journey-less-equal?return-url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.equalityhumanrights.com%2Fsearch%3Fkeys%3DBeing%2Bdisabled%2Bin%2BBritain%253A%2BA%2Bjourney%2B%2B%2509less%2Bequal
European Association of Service Providers for Persons with Disabilities. (2019). Staff
matters: From care worker to enabler of change. https://easpd.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/EASPD_Helsinki_Conference_Report_2019.pdf
European Public Service Union & Federation of European Social Employers. (2020). EPSU/FESE joint position paper on recruitment and retention in European social services. https://www.epsu.org/article/epsufese-joint-position-paper-recruitment-and-retention-social-services
Federation of European Social Employers. (2024). Labour shortages: Social Employers’ and EPSU joint contribution to the European Commission Action Plan. https://www.socialemployers.eu/?s=Labour+shortages
Feinberg, J. (1980a). Rights, justice and the bounds of liberty. Princeton University Press.
Feinberg, J. (1980b). The child’s right to an open future. In W. Aiken & H. Lafollette (Eds.), Whose child? (pp. 124–153). Rowman & Littlefield.
Feinberg, J. (1984). Harm to others. Oxford University Press.
Feldman, F. & Skow, B. (2015). Desert. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/
Fleming, G. & Taylor, B. (2006). Battle on the home care front: Perceptions of home care workers of factors influencing staff retention in Northern Ireland. Health and Social Care in the Community, 15(1), 67-76. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2006.00666.x
Frankfurt, H. (2015). On inequality. Princeton University Press.
Friedman, C. (2018). Direct support professionals and quality of life of people with
intellectual and developmental disabilities. Intellectual and Developmental
Disabilities, 56(4), 234-250. https://meridian.allenpress.com/idd/article-abstract/56/4/234/1701/Direct-Support-Professionals-and-Quality-of-Life
Gould, J. (2021a). Duty, not gratuity: The ethics of social support for people with intellectual disabilities in the United States. Disability & Society, 36(8), 1240-1260. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687599.2020.1787817
Gould, J. (2021b). Living in Nowheresville: David Hume’s equal power requirement, political entitlements and people with intellectual disabilities. Journal of Philosophy of Disability, 1, 145-173. https://doi.org/10.5840/jpd202110277
Gould, J. (2024). ‘It never ends’: Disability advocacy and the practice of resilient hope. Religions, 15, e1166. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15101166
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018a). The direct support workforce
crisis: A systematic failure. Impact, 31(1), 3-7. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Systemic-Failure/#Systemic-Failure
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018b). What’s causing the crisis?
Impact, 31(1), 11. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Crisis-Causes/#Crisis-Causes
Hewitt, A., Macbeth, J., Merrill, B. & Kleist, B. (2018c). The direct support workforce
crisis: A call to action. Impact, 31(1), 51. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Call-To-Action/#Call-To-Action
Illinois Department of Human Services. (n.d.). Ligas consent decree.
https://www.dhs.state.il.us/
Institute on Community Integration. (2018). The direct support workforce and people
with intellectual, developmental and other disabilities. Impact, 31(1). https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/#Cover
Jorgensen, D., Parsons, M., Reid, M., Weidenbohm, K., Parsons, J. & Jacobs, S.
(2009). The providers’ profile of the disability support workforce in New
Zealand. Health and Social Care in the Community, 17(4), 396-405.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2524.2008.00839.x
Kittay, E. F. (1999). Love’s labor: Essays on women, equality and dependency. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315108926
Kittay, E. F. (2001). When caring is just and justice is caring. Public Culture, 13(3), 557–579. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/4/article/26257/summary
Kramme, J. (2018). Why competency-based credentialing for the direct support
workforce? Impact, 31(1), 23-25. https://ici.umn.edu/products/impact/311/Credentialing/#Credentialing
Lethbridge, J. (2017). Recruitment and retention in social services. Social Services Europe. https://www.socialserviceseurope.eu/_files/ugd/9f45fc_49da01073e52481aa87311da0bf7f372.pdf
Maslow, A. (1970). Motivation and personality. (2d ed.). Harper & Row.
Medicaid. (2014). Home and community based services final regulation.
https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/fact-sheets/home-and-community-based-services
Miller, D. (2021). Justice. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice/
Nadasen, P. (2023). Care: The highest stage of capitalism. Haymarket.
Nathanson, S. (1998). Economic justice. Prentice-Hall.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2011). Commitment, capacity and culture: Solutions for the direct support workforce crisis.
https://nadsp.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Commitment%20Capacity%20and%20Culture%20FINAL.pdf
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2019). Moving from crisis to
stabilization. www.nadsp.org.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (2024). Leaving so soon? Examining DSP turnover and tenure using National Core Indicators—IDD state of the workforce in 2022 survey data. Webinar. www.nadsp.org.
National Alliance for Direct Support Professionals. (n.d.). The NADSP competency areas. https://nadsp.org/resources/the-nadsp-competency-areas/
National Core Indicators. (2022). State of the workforce report 2022. https://www.nationalcoreindicators.org
Nussbaum, M. (2006). Frontiers of justice. Harvard University Press.
Nussbaum, M. (2010). The capabilities of people with cognitive disabilities. In E. Kittay & L. Carlson (Eds.), Cognitive disability and its challenge to moral philosophy, (pp. 75-96). Wiley Blackwell.
Olmstead v. L.C., 527 U.S. 581 (1999). https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/527/581/
Orris, A. & Zhang, E. (2025). Congressional Republicans can’t cut Medicaid by hundreds of billions without hurting people. Center on Budget and Policy Priorities. https://www.cbpp.org/
Oxford English Dictionary. (n.d.). Deserve. https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?scope=Entries&q=deserve.
President’s Committee for People with Intellectual Disabilities. (2017). Report to the President 2017: America’s direct support workforce crisis.
https://acl.gov/
Public Health England. (2019). People with learning disabilities in England—Chapter 5: Adult social care. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/people-with-learning-disabilities-in-england/chapter-5-adult-social-care
Regan, T. (1986). A case for animal rights. In M. Fox & L. Mickley (Eds.), Advances in
animal welfare science 1986/87 (pp. 179-189). The Humane Society
of the United States.
Residential Information Systems Project. (2021). Long-term support and services
recipients by setting type and year. University of Minnesota.
https://conservancy.umn.edu/items/5317aeae-3f97-4abd-9d5a-4993ca7c85a2
Schmidtz, D. (2006). Elements of justice. Cambridge University Press.
Schalock, R. & Alonso, M. V. (2004). The concept of quality of life: What we know and do not know. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 48(3), 203-216.
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2788.2003.00558.x
Seligman, M. (2011). Flourish: A visionary new understanding of happiness and well-
being. Free Press.
Singer, P. (2009). The life you can save. Random House.
Smith, J. (Moderator). (2023, Winter). Is it time to revisit unionization? [Roundtable discussion]. University of Minnesota. Institute on Community Integration. Impact, 36(3), 20-24. https://publications.ici.umn.edu/impact/36-3/is-it-time-to-revisit-unionization-a-roundtable-discussion
They Deserve More. (n.d.). https://www.theydeservemore.com/
They Deserve More. (2025). Fact Sheet. https://www.theydeservemore.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/FactSheet-4_25-25.pdf
United Cerebral Palsy. (2020). The case for inclusion 2020. https://ucp.org/
Vehmas, S. & Mietola, R. (2021). Narrowed lives: Meaning, moral value and profound intellectual disability. Stockholm University Press.
White, S. (2015). Social minimum. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/social-minimum/
Wolf, B. (2017). Judicial intervention sought to force Illinois to provide critical
resources for people with developmental disabilities.
https://www.equipforequality.org/
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Author Biography
James Gould, McHenry County College
James B. Gould taught in the Department of Philosophy at McHenry County College, Illinois, USA for 35 years. He has published numerous academic articles in philosophy, theology, bioethics, disability studies, higher education curriculum design and motorcycling. He is now active in disability advocacy.